The Harmonic Series

H = 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... = infinity
diverges, but slower than any other divergent series

The harmonic series is the sum of all unit fractions. Every term 1/n tends to zero, which might suggest the sum converges, but it does not. The proof uses grouping: 1/3+1/4 > 1/2, then 1/5+1/6+1/7+1/8 > 1/2, and each such group adds at least 1/2, so the total exceeds any bound. Yet it diverges with extraordinary slowness: to reach a partial sum of 100 requires more terms than atoms in the observable universe.

Nicolaus Oresme's grouping proof: always adding at least 1/2
1 = 1 1/2 = 1/2 group 1 1/3 1/4 > 1/2 group 2 1/5 1/6 1/7 1/8 > 1/2 group 3 Each group sums to more than 1/2: 1/2 >= 1/2 1/3 + 1/4 = 7/12 > 1/2 1/5+1/6+1/7+1/8 > 4/8 = 1/2 Since we can always form a new group summing to >1/2, the total sum exceeds 1/2 x infinity = infinity. QED (Oresme ~1360)
How the partial sums grow: ln(n) plus the Euler-Mascheroni constant
n H(n) gamma 1 2 3 4 5 20 100 300 1000 H(n) = 1+1/2+...+1/n ln(n) H(n) - ln(n) → gamma ≈ 0.5772
How absurdly slow: milestones for H(n) exceeding round numbers
H(n) 25 50 75 100 2.9 10 5.2 10² 7.5 10³ 14.4 10⁶ 21.3 10⁹ 35.1 10¹⁵ 99.6 10⁴³ n (number of terms) ≈10⁴³ terms needed to reach 100. More than atoms in the universe.

The blue bars barely move even as n jumps from 10 to 10³. The green bars show three more powers of ten gaining only 14 more. The red bar finally crosses 100 only at n = 10⁴³, a number so large it has no physical meaning. This is what "diverges, but absurdly slowly" actually looks like.

Related topics
Gamma Meissel Mertens Riemann Zeta
Key facts about the Harmonic Series

The harmonic series 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + ... diverges, proved by Nicole Oresme around 1350. Despite every term tending to zero, the sum exceeds any bound. Partial sums grow like ln(n) + gamma where gamma ≈ 0.5772 is the Euler-Mascheroni constant. After a million terms the sum is only about 14. To reach 100 requires more than 10^43 terms. The alternating series 1 - 1/2 + 1/3 - ... converges to ln 2.

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